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...is classified anatomically as the outermost (most superficial) of the deep paraspinal muscles, but its pain patterns correspond to those of the longissimus fibre ...evels of articular dysfunction — the widest span of any muscle in the deep paraspinal group. ...

'''Rotatores''' are the deepest layer of the deep paraspinal (transversospinal) group and the shortest muscles of the spine. They span o ...rather than gross spinal movements. Acting bilaterally with the other deep paraspinal muscles, they contribute to extension of the vertebral column. Acting unila ...

...-level articular dysfunction''' — the most segmentally specific of all the paraspinal muscles. ...sabling. When the complaint of "lumbago" is due to TrPs in the deep lumbar paraspinal muscles, the pain is a unilateral, extremely disagreeable, steady ache deep ...

'''Multifidus''' is the intermediate layer of the deep paraspinal (transversospinal) group, lying deeper than the semispinalis thoracis and s The deep group of paraspinal muscles is believed to function primarily for '''fine adjustments''' betwee ...

'''Multifidi''' are the next deeper layer of the deep paraspinal muscles, located between the semispinalis thoracis and the rotatores. They ...sabling. When the complaint of "lumbago" is due to TrPs in the deep lumbar paraspinal muscles, the pain is usually: ...

...is''' is the more laterally placed of the two superficial (erector spinae) paraspinal muscles most likely to develop trigger points (TrPs). It refers pain both c The paraspinal musculature as a whole is simplified by thinking of it as two layers: a sup ...

* Satellite TrP activation from key TrPs in the paraspinal muscles at the T12 level or in the quadratus lumborum * Identify and treat any key TrPs in the paraspinal muscles at the T12 level and in the quadratus lumborum ...

...scle:Iliocostalis_Thoracis|iliocostalis thoracis]] below and with cervical paraspinal muscles above, and satellite TrPs from a key TrP in the [[Muscle:Latissimus The paraspinal musculature as a whole is simplified by thinking of it as two layers: a sup ...

'''Cervical rotatores''' are the shortest and deepest paraspinal muscles of the posterior cervical spine. Their trigger points (TrPs) produc ...at C₂ and continue downward segmentally. They are the shortest and deepest paraspinal muscles, connecting to adjacent or alternate vertebrae. They constitute the ...

...rector spinae) paraspinal muscles and has the longest fibres of the entire paraspinal group. It is one of the two muscles of the erector spinae group most likely The longissimus thoracis has the longest fibres of the paraspinal muscles. It attaches '''above''' primarily to the transverse processes of a ...

...mborum''' is the most laterally placed of the superficial (erector spinae) paraspinal muscles in the lumbar region and one of the two muscles of the erector spin ...d '''below''' to the sacrum. It is the most laterally placed of the lumbar paraspinal muscles, forming the lateral column of the erector spinae group. ...

...r abdominal wall to increase intra-abdominal pressure. Antagonistic to the paraspinal group (especially the longissimus thoracis) during flexion/extension; syner ...-down pain pattern of the iliocostalis thoracis and other more superficial paraspinal muscles. ...

...own endplate zone, so there are '''many''' endplate zones in the cervical paraspinal musculature on each side, and therefore many potential TrP locations. ...on may respond well to appropriate bilateral stretch and spray of the deep paraspinal muscles that span the level of the flattening, or to manual techniques desi ...

...ction can present with chest and back pain that may superficially resemble paraspinal or pectoral TrP pain", "question": "Does flat palpation of the upper thoracic paraspinal region — in the groove lateral to the spinous processes at C7–T4 — reproduc ...

"question": "Does flat palpation of the upper thoracic paraspinal region — in the groove lateral to the spinous processes at C7–T4 — reproduc ...he spinous processes. Patient sidelying, knees drawn toward chest to relax paraspinal muscles.", ...

* '''Satellite TrP activation''' — paraspinal TrPs at T7–T12 levels may activate external oblique TrPs as satellites; dor * Paraspinal muscles T7–T12 — key TrPs that activate external oblique as satellite ...

* Paraspinal muscles T8–L1 — key TrPs that activate internal oblique as satellite ...

...by always angling the needle slightly laterally when injecting the deeper paraspinal muscles. In some patients, the cervical spinal cord may not be covered by b ...

...se force''') and applies a downspray pattern bilaterally to cover the long paraspinal muscles from the occiput to the lower thorax (Fig. 16.6B) ...by always angling the needle slightly laterally when injecting the deeper paraspinal muscles. ...

...aggravated if the muscle is contracted while in the shortened position. In paraspinal (and very likely other) muscles, a degree of '''nerve compression''' that c ...